Kamalov E., Sergeeva I., Nugumanova K., 2024. Survey of the 2020s Russian Migration: Wave Four.
- The country samples are convenient samples. The limitation of such sampling is that the collected data do not represent all Russian emigrants who left between 2022 and 2024. Nevertheless, the estimates based on our data align with those from other sources (see the preprint, page 22), which suggests that our data are generally reliable and reflect reality.
- Although the samples are convenient, the recruitment methods do not differ across countries. This likely leads to similar biases, making cross-country comparisons possible.
- In some countries, we collected too few observations to calculate averages (in statistics, 30 observations is typically considered the minimum acceptable number for calculating a mean). On the map, you can choose to display only countries with more than 30 observations, but we also include countries with fewer observations for illustrative purposes.
- When comparing countries, it's important to keep in mind that different kinds of people end up in different countries—they may have different professions, ages, or economic means. For example, if emigrants in some countries appear happier than in others, this may mean that: 1) some countries offer a more favorable environment for psychological well-being, and/or 2) some countries attract people with more resources (economic, social, etc.) to be happy. Therefore, if you notice cross-country differences on any variable, it’s important to understand that these differences may be due not only to the specific characteristics of the countries, but also to the specific characteristics of the people who ended up there.
Precarious legal situation (%): Do you feel that your legal status in the country of residence is secure, considering various rights (employment, healthcare, residence rights)? Response options range from Completely insecure = 1 to Very secure = 5. The map shows the share of those who selected 1, 2, or 3.
Discrimination from locals, since immigration (%): Since moving to your current country of residence, have you personally experienced discrimination due to your Russian citizenship from local residents? Multiple answers were allowed: on the street; at public events; when renting housing; when applying for a job; at the workplace; in other situations; have not experienced it. The map shows the share of those who selected at least one of the listed options, excluding "have not experienced it."
Discrimination from institutions, since immigration (%): Since moving to your current country of residence, have you personally experienced discrimination due to your Russian citizenship from local institutions? Multiple answers were allowed: by the police; universities; hospitals; migration services; other government services; banks; employers; have not experienced it. The map shows the share of those who selected at least one of the listed options, excluding "have not experienced it."
Afraid of repressions from the host (%): Are you afraid of persecution by the local government for expressing political views? Response options: Very afraid, Rather afraid, Rather not afraid, Not afraid at all. The map shows the share of those who selected Very afraid or Rather afraid.
Afraid of repressions from Russia (%): While living outside Russia, are you afraid of persecution by the Russian government for expressing political views? Response options: Very afraid, Rather afraid, Rather not afraid, Not afraid at all. The map shows the share of those who selected Very afraid or Rather afraid.
Discrimination from locals, since immigration (%): Since moving to your current country of residence, have you personally experienced discrimination due to your Russian citizenship from local residents? Multiple answers were allowed: on the street; at public events; when renting housing; when applying for a job; at the workplace; in other situations; have not experienced it. The map shows the share of those who selected at least one of the listed options, excluding "have not experienced it."
Discrimination from institutions, since immigration (%): Since moving to your current country of residence, have you personally experienced discrimination due to your Russian citizenship from local institutions? Multiple answers were allowed: by the police; universities; hospitals; migration services; other government services; banks; employers; have not experienced it. The map shows the share of those who selected at least one of the listed options, excluding "have not experienced it."
Afraid of repressions from the host (%): Are you afraid of persecution by the local government for expressing political views? Response options: Very afraid, Rather afraid, Rather not afraid, Not afraid at all. The map shows the share of those who selected Very afraid or Rather afraid.
Afraid of repressions from Russia (%): While living outside Russia, are you afraid of persecution by the Russian government for expressing political views? Response options: Very afraid, Rather afraid, Rather not afraid, Not afraid at all. The map shows the share of those who selected Very afraid or Rather afraid.
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